{"id":2417,"date":"2026-05-27T12:58:30","date_gmt":"2026-05-27T12:58:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jairespi.com\/?page_id=2417"},"modified":"2026-05-28T12:37:04","modified_gmt":"2026-05-28T12:37:04","slug":"copd","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/jairespi.com\/hi\/conditions\/copd\/","title":{"rendered":"COPD"},"content":{"rendered":"
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What is\nChronic Obstructive\nPulmonary Disease?1,2<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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COPD includes lung and airway conditions that hinder breathing, primarily due to airway inflammation and damage to lung tissue.1<\/sup>\u00a0Both emphysema and chronic bronchitis are types of COPD.1<\/sup><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Early Warning Signs of COPD<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Difficulty breathing3<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Coughing up sputum\n
(mucus or phlegm)3<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Wheezing or a feeling of tightness in the chest3<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCOPD
\nEarly Warning Signs\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Frequent lung infections 3,4<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Lack of energy or feeling very tired 3,4<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Fever 4<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Difficulty breathing3<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Coughing up sputum\n
(mucus or phlegm)3<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Wheezing or a feeling of tightness in the chest3<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Fever 4<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Frequent lung infections 3,4<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Lack of energy or feeling very tired 3,4<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Do\u2019s and Don\u2019ts of COPD<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDO'S<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Breathe right<\/b>: Conserve energy; do relaxation techniques, if breathless5<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Do physical activity:<\/b> Regularly exercise to boost respiratory muscle function5<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Clear mucous out:<\/b> With controlled coughing and use a humidifier5<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Healthy eating<\/b>: Maintain a balanced diet; seek nutritional advice5<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDON'TS<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Don't smoke:<\/b> Stop smoking and avoid passive smoking5,6<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Don't inhale irritants:<\/b> Avoid pollution, and known triggers5<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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What are the tests for diagnosis of COPD?7<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) - \nSpirometry to check for COPD<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Chest X-ray<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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CT scan<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Testing for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\r\n\r\n
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What are the treatments for COPD?8<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The primary goals of COPD treatment are to prevent subsequent respiratory infections and to alleviate symptoms including coughing and breathing difficulties.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Bronchodilators<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Anti-inflammatory medications \u2028<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Antibiotics<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Supplemental oxygen<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pulmonary rehabilitation<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Expectorants<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Bronchodilators<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Supplemental oxygen<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Anti-inflammatory medications \u2028<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pulmonary rehabilitation<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Antibiotics<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Expectorants<\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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References:<\/strong><\/p>

1. Cleveland Clinic. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Available from: https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/8709-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd Accessed on 25 February 2025.
2. Emphysema. Available at https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/diseases\/9370-emphysema. Accessed on 25 February 2025.
3. American Lung Association. Early warning signs of COPD. www.lung.org. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.lung.org\/lung-health-diseases\/lung-disease-lookup\/copd\/symptoms-diagnosis\/early-warning-signs Accessed on25 February 2025.
4. Mayo Clinic. COPD. Available from: https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/copd\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20353679 Accessed on 25 February 2025.
5. Mayo Clinic. COPD – Diagnosis and Treatment. Available from: https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/copd\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20353685. Accessed on 25 February 2025.
6. American Lung Association. Early warning signs of COPD. www.lung.org. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.lung.org\/lung-health-diseases\/lung-disease-lookup\/copd\/symptoms-diagnosis\/early-warning-signs Accessed on 25 February 2025.
7. 6 tips for living with COPD. Available from: https:\/\/www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org\/hometown-health\/speaking-of-health\/6-tips-for-living-with-copd Accessed on 18 October 2024.
8. 6 tips for living with COPD. Available from: https:\/\/www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org\/hometown-health\/speaking-of-health\/6-tips-for-living-with-copd Accessed on 18 October 2024.
9. Uptodate. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (The Basics).\u00a0 Available\u00a0 from:\u00a0 https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd-the-basics?topicRef=4647&source=see_link<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?1,2 COPD includes lung and airway conditions that hinder breathing, primarily due to airway inflammation […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2072,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2417","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jairespi.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2417","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jairespi.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jairespi.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jairespi.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jairespi.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2417"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/jairespi.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2417\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2471,"href":"https:\/\/jairespi.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2417\/revisions\/2471"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jairespi.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2072"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jairespi.com\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2417"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}